Internet Shopping Good or Bad Essay Example For Students

Web Shopping Good or Bad? Article Shopping on the Internet is expanding however would you work together this way?The Internet?s fame has significantly heightened in the course of recent years and has become a fundamental piece of day by day life. It has wide spread uses extending from, getting data, downloading records, business notice to Internet trade, which has a significant influence in Internet practice. Our social structure is forcing society to interface with the Internet, with schools overall turning out to be more Web based and colleges currently have addresses, which can be exclusively seen over the Internet. Inside the following scarcely any years the potential and abilities of the Internet are unending. In view of that the accompanying task will look at a ceaselessly prospering part of the Internet, Internet shopping. In spite of the fact that Internet shopping is on the expansion, it will never outperform customary shopping, as the ?experience of shopping? is lost, it is available to extortion and the ?attempt before you purchase? idea doesn't happen. From this data, it could be expressed, ?The guarantee of Internet shopping is suffocating in a surge of duplicity, client disappointment, misrepresentation and misappropriation. The Internet is most popular for being a data superhighway, not a superhighway to the shopping mall.?Shopping from the accommodation and solace of your own home may have its obvious focal points; not any more remaining in line, no more issues. Right now individuals are utilizing the Internet for shopping to a great extent as it offers a few advantages when contrasted and regular shopping, for a thin scope of merchandise and enterprises. Given that, there are still worries about dangers included ? numerous issues from security of charge cards to privacyPurchasing items from the Internet has significant weaknesses when contrasted with customary shopping. A huge issue is you can't see the store you are purchasing from. On the Internet, it very well may be hard to tell whether the business you are managing is straightforward or not. At the point when your charge card number is given to a promoting site so as to buy merchandise, there is no sure assurance that it will be utilized for the reason it was proposed for. Numerous deceitful web sites, use guarantees of wonder fixes, and different fabrications so as to misuse their clients with an end goal to pick up charge card numbers and use them, for their very own benefit. Anyway many sites are noteworthy, however the security of their page at that point might be disregarded. (By ?Hackers?)When a client ?surfs? into an online store and presents a request structure with a charge card number, the data is then transmitted from their PCs modem by means of neighborhood phone lines to their Internet Service Provider (ISP) and afterward over the Internet. The request may go to a delegate or legitimately to the dealers server. Organizations fluctuate with respect to when they process their charge card subtleties. Some do promptly, while others hold up until the item has been dispatched out to the client. Anyplace along that way where the data voyaged, the security of their charge card number may have been undermined. Various Internet programmers ?surf? the Internet continually searching for low security site pages in which to prey on.?An interloper attacked in excess of 485,000 Mastercards and covertly put away the huge database on a U. S. government agencys Web website. While the Mastercard organizations advised money related establishments, the clients were rarely educated. Many bargained accounts stay open right up 'til the present time? (Completely Private Inc, Shopping Privacy Concerns) This is the primary motivation behind why numerous web clients don?t shop on the web, as their Visa subtleties might me be able to abused, which brings about the client paying for their misleading demonstration. .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a , .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a .postImageUrl , .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a , .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a:hover , .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a:visited , .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a:active { border:0!important; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a:active , .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef 67d8cf6d93e34a .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u27660191ee2f3bf5ef67d8cf6d93e34a:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Personal Goals Essay ?Two 18-year-old young men in Wales were captured after purportedly taking and dispersing 26,000 charge card records from 5 unique locales. Evaluated misfortunes: $3 million.? (Entirely Private Inc, Shopping Privacy ConcernsNot just can Visa subtleties be taken, yet additionally numerous dealer destinations sell and store gigantic databases of data about every client they have, bargaining the clients? protection and secrecy. ?The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) investigation of 229 Australian sites revealed Mastercard misrepresentation, protection breaks and poor exchanging shields by web b ased business retailers. ? (Completely Private Inc, Shopping Privacy ConcernsMany sites attempt to tailor their market towards every individual client.

Genetics of Alcoholism. Does Alcohol Dependence Depend of Race

Liquor abuse is totally known event that have a spot in each culture. Present day clinical definitions portray liquor addiction as an ailment and compulsion which brings about a tenacious utilization of liquor regardless of negative results. In spite of the fact that this definition don't determine current and on-going utilization of liquor as a qualifier for liquor addiction, some do, just as commenting on the drawn out impacts of steady, substantial liquor use, incorporate reliance and manifestations of withdrawal. Mental geneticists John I. Nurnberger, Jr. what's more, Laura Jean Bierut recommend that liquor abuse doesn't have a solitary causeâ€including geneticâ€but that qualities do assume a significant job â€Å"by influencing forms in the body and cerebrum that associate with each other and with a person's educational encounters to create security or defenselessness. † They likewise report that less than twelve liquor addiction related qualities have been distingu ished, yet that almost certain anticipate disclosure. In any event one hereditary test exists for an allele that is associated to liquor addiction and sedative compulsion. Human dopamine receptor qualities have a recognizable variety alluded to as the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism.Those who have the A1 allele (variety) of this polymorphism have a little however huge inclination towards dependence on sedatives and endorphin discharging drugs like liquor. In spite of the fact that this allele is marginally increasingly regular in heavy drinkers and sedative addicts, it isn't without anyone else a satisfactory indicator of liquor abuse, and a few specialists contend that proof for DRD2 is opposing. Additionally, considers show that the extent of men with liquor reliance is higher than the extent of ladies, 7% and 2. 5% individually, despite the fact that ladies are progressively powerless against long haul results of alcoholism.Around 90% of grown-ups in United States devour liquor, and more than 700,000 of them are dealt with every day for liquor addiction. Educator David Zaridze, who drove the worldwide research group, determined that liquor had executed 3,000,000 Russians since 1987. In the United Kingdom, the quantity of ‘dependent consumers' was determined as more than 2. 8 million of every 2001. The World Health Organization evaluates that around 140 million individuals all through the world experience the ill effects of liquor reliance and predominant number of them is European individuals. 70% of Asian individuals, as indicated by Svetlana Borinskaya PhD.Laboratory laborer of establishment of General Genetics sake of the Vavilov, have a specific quality that fills in as a defender from liquor addictive disorder. My theory proclamation is that Asian individuals are less inclined to turn into a liquor addictive that European individuals. So as to test my speculation I will utilize an exploratory strategy. In my examination I will require two gatherings of me mbers, the two gatherings will be test. First gathering will contain 100 members that have a place with European race, second gathering will contain 100 members that have a place with Asian race with â€Å"Asian† quality of alcoholic protector.In my analysis I will attempt to choose when all is said in done the same member from the physical appearance perspective. Likewise they ought not be dynamic liquor clients or they ought to be individuals that never taste liquor. There are models for members: guys, 25-35 years of age, weight 70-90 kg, stature 170-190 cm, normal constitution, great wellbeing, normal societal position and normal conservative status. Trial will most recent two months. In the start of my investigation I will put members in two houses. During test they will have five ingestions for each day: breakfast, supper, bite, lunch and supper.Then consistently before ingestion they will get bit of vine-400 g. and furthermore they will have an entrance to vine. Vine co nsumption before ingestions and free access to vine will keeps going one month in the second month we will stop access to vine and furthermore in taking vine before ingestion. Furthermore, during entire this month watch their conduct. After second month of investigation we will give them a segment of vine. Likewise legitimately after trial we will request that they assess their self-evaluation about them from the liquor reliance purpose of view.Then as indicated by members response to definite segment of vine and furthermore alludes to a self-examination of members we will gather and afterward investigate information. There are three anticipated results of the examination First, European individuals will show less resilience to liquor reliance then Asian individuals and it will imply that my theory is correct and â€Å"Asian† quality is filled in as liquor reliance defender. Second, there will be no distinction among European and Asian individuals from the resistance to liquo r reliance perspective it will imply that â€Å"Asian† quality don't impact to liquor defender mechanism.Third, European individuals will exhibit higher resilience to liquor reliance then Asian individuals, it will mean that†Asian† quality don't impact to liquor defender instrument or works conversely than that we assume.

How to Use Picture/Photo Essay Samples

How to Use Picture/Photo Essay SamplesPicture/Photo Essay samples are quite popular among university students as well as those who are pursuing their bachelor's degree. The best illustration of this is the numerous photographs that are shown on some newspapers and magazines. There are many possible ways that you can use this resource to present your findings in a different light, whether they're your personal opinions or the findings of studies. One thing that you must keep in mind when using these samples is that there is no one photo that fits all situations.You should consider what works best for your specific situation. A photo essay sample that suits you may be different from one that will work for somebody else. Try to think about what will appeal to you as a reader. This will help you get the most out of the presentation.If you are attempting to deliver a message on a specific scenario, try to think of something from your own life. For example, if you are attempting to deliver a message on death, talk about the instances where someone close to you died. Remember to consider how it may impact you if someone close to you dies. To help you further, think about the common methods of death such as electrocution, drowning, etc. This will help you get a better understanding of the situations you will be dealing with in your pictures/photo essay samples.Again, for those who have young children, try to think of some simple facts that they could relate to. Examples include things such as, how often do you give your child baths? Children love to feel loved and they will always appreciate a good clean bath.A very simple fact about a child is that they can't always grasp exactly what they need to do. Some children are also known to take things too literally. As a parent, it is very important to make sure that they have everything they need before starting any kind of activity.Keep in mind that picture/photo essay samples will not have to be taken just at your place o f work. They can also be taken anywhere, including at a restaurant or your own home. At times, you may even find that your family and friends can be more accommodating than you thought.As a general rule, try to avoid showing yourself while carrying out the task. If your eyes are tired, you may find that you don't get the results you want. That is why it is recommended that you try and have a person make sure that everything is safe before you start working.This is by no means an exhaustive list of assignment samples. Picture/Photo Essay samples can range from all kinds of topics, such as popular TV shows and celebrity photos. This is just a list of some that you may come across.

The Performance Of European Funded Projects Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2758 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The anfractuous integration of Romania in the European Union implies a complex process of modernization and structural reorganization. One of the most important aspects of this process is the economical efficiency. In the perennial context of the economic crises, enterprises, more than ever, have to follow a complex process of reorganization in order to respect the community rules and standards. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Performance Of European Funded Projects Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In order to fulfill this objective, the Romanian enterprises are encouraged by the possibility of receiving non-refundable funds from the European Union (80%) and Romanian Government (20%). The lack of any advertising and public relation campaigns about the process of receiving these kinds of funds has often put the final beneficiary in a predicament. Most of the Romanian investors have no idea what their obligations imply, they are focused on the idea that the money they receive neednt be refundable. The present article means to analyze the way the European funded projects are implemented, focusing mainly on the costs and obligations that the investors enter. The non-refundable European funds are an excellent opportunity for the business environment as long as the beneficiaries are aware from the beginning of the social and institutional cost of this process. KEYWORDS: cash-flow, grant, IRR JEL CLASSIFICATION: F35, F36 1.INTORDUCTION Since the 1st of January 2007 Romania has been a full right member of the European Union. Having this position, our country receives non-refundable funds, available through projects, for the development and reducing the socio-economic gaps/disparity in comparison with the other members. Romania presently has several financing programs with different levels of aid intensities (depending on the kind of eligible beneficiaries and the type of investment funded), the most relevant of them are: National program for rural development 2007-2013 The operational program Increase of economic competitiveness The operational program for Human resources development The operational program for environment The operational program for transport The operational program administrative capacity development. The magnitude and complexity of the non-refundable funds do not admit an exhaustive analysis of the problem, only in case of studies involving teams formed by specialists in this issue. For this present analysis we chose a line of funding from the National Program for Rural Development 2007-2013, the third axis Improving the quality of life in rural areas and diversification of the rural economy, 313 Measure Encouragement of tourism. This line sets the overall objective of financing the development of tourism activities in rural areas in order to help increase employment and alternative income, as well as increasing the attractiveness of rural areas (EC, 2009; EC, 2005; MARD, 2009). Given this ample general objective, within the 313 Measure we have four kinds of investments, namely: a) Investment in tourism accommodation infrastructure (this component is broken down in turn into agro-tourism and rural tourism), b) Investments in recreational activities, c) Investment in small-scale infrastructure such as information centers, tourism signs, etc.. and d) development and / or marketing of tourism services relating to rural tourism (PARDF, 2012). Another effect of the extensive overall objective is the diverse range of eligible applicants. Eligible within the 313 Measure are: micro-enterprises, freelancers, local authorities and NGOs. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH In the present material we performed an analysis of a hypothetical project implemented by a micro-enterprise, within the component Investment in tourism accommodation infrastructure (rural tourism). In this example, the non-refundable financial aid is 50% of the eligible value of the project (but no more than ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 200.000). The total value of the project is 496.000 Euros, of which the eligible amount is 400.000 Euros (this value was chosen since it covers the costs of a bed and breakfast of four daisies (the equivalent of four stars) with ten double rooms and a restaurant) and ineligible value 96.000 Euros (which is VAT, which is not funded by the European Union as it is recovered from the National Tax Administration Agency). The implementation period of this hypothetical project is one year. Given the value of the non-refundable financial aid and of the eligible value of the project, the investor would receive 200.000 Euros from structural funds. The problem that is overseen by many potential investors is that the European funding is granted on the principle of reimbursement of expenses made by the beneficiary. Many investors do not take into account the additional costs associated with this principle (short-term financing). Another omission made by potential beneficiaries is related to the monitoring period. A beneficiary who has implemented a project with non-refundable funds within the 313 Measure should keep the bed and breakfast into service and do not to alienate/sell it at least five years after completion. During this monitoring period the beneficiary must maintain all of the jobs foreseen in the project. In this example, (considering the value of 200.000 Euros of the non-refundable financial aid) the appropriate number of jobs created by the project must be eight (given the selection criterion no. 3 non-refundable financial amount / number of jobs created ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ 25.000 Euros (PARDF, 201 2). These two omissions generate additional financial efforts for potential beneficiaries that can be considered a cost of the non-refundable financial aid. This article trays to determine the level of these costs and the actual percentage of co-financing of such an investment. To see the differences that arise between the various scenarios with and without the influence of personal costs and the costs of short-term financing, we must take into account two indicators: a) IRR F/(C) financial internal rate of return calculated on the investment, quantified by the formula: (1) ) where: I0 is the initial investment (the eligible value + ineligible value of project); CFi is the value of the cash flows generated by the project in operation (flows from investing activities, financial and operational); VR residual value, estimated at the end of the time horizon taken into consideration. b) IRR F/(K) financial internal rate of return calculated on the value of its own contribution. In this case we use the formula: (2) ) where: K is the private co-financing (financing the eligible amount (50%)) + other ineligible costs incurred during the implementation; CFi is the value of the cash flows generated by the project in operation (flows from investing activities, financial and operational); VR residual value, estimated at the end of the time horizon taken into consideration. (EC, 2008; Hazen, 2003) Ignoring the costs of short-term funding (generated by the principle of reimbursement of expenditure already made) and costs related to the number of jobs to be created and maintained during monitoring period, the investment has a IRR F / (C) -1.95% , which reveals that the project is not attractive for financing from a bank or investor. Also there is an IRR F / (K) of 10.12%, showing that through a 50% non-refundable financial assistance, the project would become viable (two indicators detailed in the Table 1 Variables initial investor). Table 1. Variables initial investor Implementing year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Investment value 2.083.200 Cash-flow 55.785 121.441 124.969 128.497 132.025 Residual value 1.344.000 Flow for IRR F/(C) -2.083.200 55.785 121.441 124.969 128.497 1.476.025 IRR F/(C) -1.95% Flow for IRR F/(K) -1.243.200 55.785 121.441 124.969 128.497 1.476.025 IRR F/(K) 10.12% Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented The data in Table 1 are based on the following assumptions: the analysis was done in constant prices without the effect of inflation and private co-financing of the project relies on a credit for a period of 20 years, with an interest rate of 10% and a period of grace of 12 months (equivalent to project implementation period). The value of this credit is 50% of the eligible value of the project. Staff considered is presented in Table 2. The And management and supply functions will be provided by the sole shareholder of the company. Table 2. Staff minimum variant No. Position Gross monthly salary lei 1 Shareholder 0 2 Chef 2.200 3 Waiter 1.700 4 Maid 1.700 5 Reception staff 1.900 6 Accountant 2.000 Total 9.500 Source: Average estimate Table 3. Staff optimal variant No. Position Gross monthly salary lei 1 Manager 2.500 2 Supply staff 2.000 3 Chef 2.200 4 Waiter 1.700 5 Maid 1.700 6 Reception staff 1.900 7 Accountant 2. 800 Travel Guide 2.000 Total 16.000 Source: Average estimate Based on the specifications in the Guidelines for Applicants on measure 313, in order to get a good score and therefore to be selected for funding a project needed to create jobs in proportion to its value, i.e., for each 25.000 euro received as grant the applicant must be created and maintained for at least five years a full-time job. Table 3 presents the structure of personnel as specified by guide (in quantitative terms). It is also well balanced, covering all activities that might take place in a boarding houses. In Table 4 the two indicators calculation is done, this time taking into account the jobs that must be created. Table 4. Project attractiveness with correction for jobs Implementing year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Investment value 2.083.200 Cash-flow -44.055 21.601 25.129 28.657 32.185 Residual value 1.344.000 Flow for IRR F/(C) -2.083.200 -44.055 21.601 25.129 28.657 1.376.185 IRR F/(C) -7.52% Flow for IRR F/(K) -1.243.200 -44.055 21.601 25.129 28.657 1.376.185 IRR F/(K) 2.50% Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented Cash Flow Estimation was done based on Annex 1. It appears that after this correction the attractiveness of the project significantly decreased, but not so as to be abandoned and unfunded (IRR F / (K) 0%). Table 5.1. Extract from cash flow during the implementation small credit Period Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Net cash flow for the period 509.600 161.000 -7.000 -330.400 161.000 -330.400 Available cash of the previous month 200 200 509.800 670.800 663.800 333.400 494.400 Available cash at end of period 200 509.800 670.800 663.800 333.400 494.400 164.000 Source: Average estimate Table 6.2. Extract from cash flow during the implementation small credit Period Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12 Total year Net cash flow for the period 161.000 -330.400 161.000 -330.400 161.000 -7.000 -21.000 Available cash of the previous month 164.000 325.000 -5.400 155.600 -174.800 -13.800 200 Available cash at end of period 325.000 -5.400 155.600 -174.800 -13.800 -20.800 -20.800 Source: Average estimate Analyzing the cash flow for the implementation period we can see that in the eighth month, the company runs out of available cash, a delicate problem, most often synonymous with insolvency. Although hypothetically the company would pass over this impasse, because the amount involved is relatively small, in the tenth month the cash requirements to continue are much higher. This situation occurs due to the gap of about a month, between the investment and the reimbursement (the grant). The investment is made in five installments (thus the needs for cash are minimal), during 1, 4, 6, 8 and 10. These invoices are paid in propor tion to the investment company and made ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹grant aid is granted in months: 2, 5, 7, 9 and 11. Another cost factor is determined for the cash depletion rates. The negative cash flow is covered in the fourth year of the operation period (see Table 6). Table 7. Extract from cash flow from operating period small credit Period Implementing Year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net cash flow for the period -44.055 21.601 25.129 28.657 32.185 Available cash of the previous month -20.800 -20.800 -64.855 -43.254 -18.126 10.531 Available cash at end of period -20.800 -64.855 -43.254 -18.126 10.531 42.716 Source: Average estimate In order to implement the project, the company will have to contract a greater loan, which allows it to sustain the interest expenses and differences arising between payments and reimbursements. The second scenario in which the company relies on a credit (under similar conditions: 20 years repayment period, interest of 10% and 12 months grace period), but the higher value of the loan, surmounts the problems outlined above. In this situation, the grater loan allows the company to operate under normal conditions, avoiding liquidity risk without lags during the implementation period (see Table 7.1 and 7.2) or in the first five years of the operational period (see Table 8). Table 8.1. Extract from c ash flow during the implementation high credit Period Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Net cash flow for the period 866.600 158.000 -10.000 -333.400 158.000 -333.400 Available cash of the previous month 200 200 866.800 1.024.800 1.014.800 681.400 839.400 Available cash at end of period 200 866.800 1.024.800 1.014.800 681.400 839.400 506.000 Source: Recalculate from Scenario 1 Table 9.2. Extract from cash flow during the implementation high credit Period Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12 Total year Net cash flow for the period 158.000 -333.400 158.000 -333.400 158.000 -10.000 303.000 Available cash of the previous month 506.000 664.000 330.600 488.600 155.200 313.200 200 Available cash at end of period 664.000 330.600 488.600 155.200 313.200 303.200 303.200 Source: Recalculate from Scenario 1 From Table 7.1 and 7.2 we can see that the available cash at the end of each period is positive, denoting the fact that the company has sufficient cash resources to operate normally. Table 10. Extract from cash flow from operating period high credit Period Implementing Year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net cash flow for the period -97.080 -29.624 -24.296 -18.968 -13.640 Available cash of the previous month 303.200 303.200 206.120 176.496 152.199 133.231 Available cash at end of period 303.200 206.120 176.496 152.199 133.231 119.591 Source: Recalculate from Scenario 1 As a side effect of the higher credit we can observe (see Table 8) that the cash flows generated by the investment are lower than those caused by lower loan (see Table 6), this being blamed on higher interest rates Table 11. Annual rates of both loans Large Credit Small Credit Differences Loan Value 1.200.000 840.000 360.000 The value of annual installments 60.000 42.000 18.000 Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented The two credits are obtained in similar conditions, both repayment periods are 20 years, but because of amounts differ, the values of the annual rates differ as well. Table 12. Annual interest of both credits Amount of interest Implementing year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Large Credit 120.000 116.750 110.750 104.750 98.750 92.750 Small Credit 84.000 81.725 77.525 73.325 69.125 64.925 Differences 36.000 35.025 33.225 31.425 29.625 27.825 Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented Interest calculation was performed by applying 10% annual margin outstanding of the loan (the amount remaining to be paid). Table 13. The additional cost of the higher credit Discount rate 5% Period (Years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Difference in credit 54.000 35.025 33.225 31.425 29.625 27.825 Discount factor 1 0,95238 0,90702 0,86383 0,82270 0,78352 Difference in loan discounted 54.000 33.357,14 30.136,05 27.146,1 24.372,56 21.801,62 Discounted total costs 190.813,47 Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented In terms of time, the costs of credit will be carried forward, to ensure the unit of analysis, they are discounted (the discount rate used is 5% without the effect of inflation). Table 14. Project attractiveness after correction for jobs and correction for necessary credit Variant 1 Implementing year Operating period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Investment value 2.083.200 Cash-flow -97.080 -29.624 -24.296 -18.968 -13.640 Residual value 1344000 Flow for IRR F/(C) -2.083.200 -97.080 -29.624 -24.296 -18.968 1.330.360 IRR F/(C) -10.30% Flow for IRR F/(K) -1.243.200 -97.080 -29.624 -24.296 -18.968 1.330.360 IRR F/(K) -1.26% Source: Own calculations based on data previously presented Recalculating the IRR F / (C) and IRR F / (K) taking in to account the high credit (see Table 12) we can see that the attractiveness of the project has fell drastically, both indicators have negative valuesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹. This requires a rethinking of the entire project, the most viable solution is the reduction of the investment value, introducing new products that bring additional income or finding more attractive funding sources). III. Research results Plotting the evolution of the two indicators before and after making the corrections, it appears that both indicators registered a strong downtrend. Figure 1. Evolution IRR/ C and IRR/K Source: own representation of the results The analysis of the indicators illustrates the fact that the project initially seemed viable, but now it has to be rethought because even with the non-refundable financial support it cant be profitable. Investors who do not know the system of awarding grant can reach difficult situations such as: projects blocked because the beneficiary has no more financial resources, facilities constructed through grant projects that have to be kept in operation although no profit is being made etc. Table 15. Actual percentages of co-financing Category Value Percentage Eligible value 1.680.000,00 100.00% Grant 840.000,00 50.00% Private contribution 840.000,00 50.00% Real Grant 840.000,00 33.28% Real Private contribution 1.120.813,47 66.72% Source: Own calculations based on the scenarios previously presented If we consider the additional cost generated by a higher loan necessary for covering the gap between the investment and the reimbursement of expenses, the grant aid intensity (expressed as percentage) decreases from 50% to 33.28%. This new value can be called the actual grant aid. A counter argument could be that the investor has sufficient financial resources and a credit is not needed. However, in this case he blocks a certain amount of money for a determined period of time, during which he cant use it. Although this cost is difficult to place in a cash flow, as an opportunity cost, it exists, and interferes on a long-term perspective, the investor renouncing the use of those amounts, which could generate income. IV. Conclusions Grants are an opportunity for all businesses and a diverse pallet of investors. The decision to start such a project must be analyzed very well, because all sources of capital even grants have a specific cost, sometimes hard to quantify explicitly. In the case of grants, the cost derives mainly from the social side and the process of reimbursement. However, through a detailed economic and financial analysis of the project that takes into account of all the elements, both obvious and most discreet, the success of the investment can be ensured and thus fulfill all the objectives and commitments of the grant recipient.

Essay about Autonomy and Responsibility The Start of...

Autonomy and Responsibility: The Start of Labor Unions The late nineteenth century was a time of great change for people everywhere. Industries became staples of society in almost every major city; farming became more efficient due to steel and machines, and more jobs were available because of all the new industries. Between 1865 and 1900, the number of people employed in manufacturing rose from 1.3 million to 4.5 million. Working conditions were terrible, providing long hours, low wages, and unhealthy conditions. Millions of people were denied the basic amenities that their labor made possible for others.1 When reviewing drive for monopolies, Edward Bellamy, author of Looking Backward, wrote that The individual laborer, who had†¦show more content†¦Six states enacted the eight-hour workday, but four of them had exceptions to the rule, so the NLU was not as successful as it seemed on the surface.3 The NLU realized that the labor dispute could not be fixed without a reform of the currency, which led to an ill-fated alliance w ith the Greenback movement. In 1872 the NLU transformed itself into the National Labor Reform Party, which turned out to be unsuccessful.4 By 1873, there were twenty-five national unions with a combined membership of 170,000 people, and another 130,000 workers belonged to unions that lacked a national association.5 Even though the NLU failed to attain quality working conditions for workers, it was able to prove that a national confederation of workingmen was not impossible. Its short life showed that representatives for labor did not know the proper place of the worker in the new industrial world. The NLU made no effort to perfect itself as a lasting organization, but its errors allowed successors to learn and profit.6 The formation of the NLU exemplifies the autonomy of the people because they realized that they were being treated unfairly and they went ahead and did something about it. Another labor union, The Nobel Order of the Knights of Labor (The Knights), was able to last longer than the NLU and produced more successful results. 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The North American Free Trade Agreement Essay - 1356 Words

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement negotiated by three countries; Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The main purpose of NAFTA is essentially to reduce trade barriers in order to promote international commerce, and open up different industries to trade, in particular textiles, agriculture, and automobile sectors. The introduction of NAFTA completely transformed North American economic relations and led to unparalleled cooperation between the U.S. Canada and Mexico. This research paper will look at the positive and negative impacts of NAFTA and examine whether or not it has been overall successful in promoting economic growth in its member nations. 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Integrated Project Management Nightingale Project

Question: Describe about the Integrated Project Management for Nightingale Project. Answer: Introduction The learning outcomes from the project management of the Nightingale project, which dealt with the product launch speeding as the similar product was to be launched by another company, were very deep. The project helped in strengthening the different concepts of management. In a similar context, the second assignment understanding various approaches are adopted for dealing the different aspects of the environment of the organization, which mainly comprises of the competitors, legal standards, culture, political landscape, etc. Thus the Enterprise Environmental Factor (EEF) is working with the practices, legislations, policies and the procedures of the company for creating a balance between the internal and the external factors of the organization, which indicates the importance of EEF for the organization. Reflection In my project, I have selected to work upon the evaluation of the various internal and the external factors that are important for the management of the projects. The selected topic is an extension of EEF which has helped in understanding the importance of various resources and the environmental influences decides the course of action of the project. The previous work has also helped in understanding the course of action, depending on the environmental influences like competitors, stakeholders, government standards, etc. The work has also helped in understanding that the internal and external both risk assessment is mandatory for developing a better understanding of the system. The assessment also helps in the better involvement of the employees of the organization thus making the team more comfortable with each other and the company. While the assessments are done for the organization, the need for exploration of the inherent risks too were presented which in turn helps in better understanding of the external risks and their mitigation techniques, which had helped me in formulation better time line and the WBS structure based on the demand of the organization. The assessment have created during the planning had also helped in minimization of the time required for the implementation. For the risk assessment and mitigation, techniques like risk breakdown structure, value assignment to the risks, work breakdown structure was suggested. The strategic implementation is the creation of the development plan that will help the organization to slowly develop into a world class organization and thus provides various competitive benefits and performance. The assignment helped in understanding that launching the product first in the market has various strategy importances and helps in grabbing customer. The speeding up of the product launch is a tedious process and needs to be planned properly as the speed might affect the quality, thus indicating the importance of the outsourcing and the related difficulties with it. Hence the project helped in understanding the strategic importance of the timeline, the need of the WBS, and the scheduling of the processes. The project also helped in understanding that the shortening of the duration of the implementation needs rigorous planning which involves the participation of all the stakeholders of the company. The outsourcing too is a difficult proposition as the inclusion of an alien system into the system is risky and creates contingencies. While the planning of the project various factors like increased cost of implementation and testing were realized, this had to be borne by the company to have a strategic lead over the competitors of the market. From the second assessment the importance of the structure in the organization was understood, but it was also well understood that the structure alone in the organization is not enough, and for motivated and dedicated workforce, the organization also needs an effective control system that will enhance the power of the managers to ensure that the staffs the well motivated and inspired to carry out the tasks within the decided interval of the time. For an effective control system in the organization, tools like, incentives, feedback from the employees and rating the performance of the staffs and the company is necessary. The other methods like the creation of the values like belief, attitude, etc. are also important as it creates a common bond among the employees of the organization. I have also understood that the success every strategy is dependent upon the implementation technique. Thus a manager should also be proactive in the implementation of the strategy rather than stick to th e generation of the policies. As a manager of a company, I have realized that the internal and the external risk analysis of the organization are extremely important for the organization. Apart from the analysis of the environment of the company, it was also understood that the documentation of all the aspects is extremely important such as the risk, the stakeholders of the company, the experience of the company, and the historical information. These documents act as the reference for the present work and the future contingencies of the organization and thus will help in better management of the resources based on the past experiences and the mistakes and will also serve as a reference in case of the legal troubles and maintain the government standards. Finally, the project has helped me to become more professional, understanding the roles of a manager which is to understand the process based on the requirements of the organization and the consumers, successful management of the organization for optimum output an d better management of the various issues that might arise due to various internal and the external factors. Conclusion In this reflection, the various learning outcomes have been depicted and have been elaborated to indicate the effectiveness of the reports. In the initial section of the essay, I have presented the learning outcomes from the first assessment, like the effectiveness of the planning of the project and the importance of the strategies and money for the business. In the second section, the importances of the internal and the external factors have also been presented to understand the importance of the various parameters that will help in the formulation of better strategies. It was also understood that the strategies alone are not enough and control strategies are also important. In the subsequent section, the various learning outcomes as a manager have been indicated which has helped me in becoming a better manager.

Cardiac Action Potential Essay Example

Cardiac Action Potential Essay You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. The cardiac muscle is capable of which of the following? You correctly answered: c. autorhythmicity 2. Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and potassium channels are closed, is called the You correctly answered: a. plateau phase. 3. Which of the following is true of the cardiac action potential?You correctly answered: b. The cardiac action potential is longer than the skeletal muscle action potential. 4. The main anatomical difference between the frog heart and the human heart is that the frog heart has You correctly answered: c. a single, fused ventricle. 08/25/13 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: When you increase the frequency of the stimulation, what do you think will happen to the amplitude (height) of the ventricular systole wave? Your answer : b. The amplitude will decrease.Predict Question 2: If you deliver multiple stimuli (20 stimuli per s econd) to the heart, what do you think will happen? Your answer : b. tetanus Stop Think Questions: 1. Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope. Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field below and then click Submit to record your answer in the lab report. You answered: 60 beats/min Which of the following statements about the contractile activity is true? You correctly answered: a. The smaller waves represent the contraction of the atria.During which portion of the cardiac muscle contraction is it possible to induce an extrasystole? You correctly answered: d. during relaxation Experiment Data: 08/25/13 page 2 08/25/13 page 3 Post-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. The amplitude of the ventricular systole did not change with the more frequent stimulation because You correctly answered: a. a new contraction could not begin until the relaxation phase 2. Wh ich of the following do you think contribute to the inability of cardiac muscle to be tetanized?You correctly answered: a. the long refractory period of the cardiac action potential 3. Given the function of the heart, why is it important that cardiac muscle cannot reach tetanus? You correctly answered: b. The ventricles must contract and relax fully with each beat to pump blood. 4. An extrasystole corresponds to You correctly answered: c. an extra ventricular contraction. 08/25/13 page 4 Review Sheet Results 1. Explain why the larger waves seen on the oscilloscope represent the ventricular contraction.Your answer: The ventricles are larger domiciliate which is why, when they contract they create more force thus making a bigger wave. 2. Explain why the amplitude of the wave did not change when you increased the frequency of the stimulation. (Hint: relate your response to the refractory period of the cardiac action potential. ) How well did the results compare with your prediction? Yo ur answer: The maximum threshold will not change in cardiac muscle cells (as with any other cells), which is determined by the X amount of voltage needed for calcium channels to open.After this point, no additional voltage can cause the channels to open more, or again, prior to depolarization. 3. Why is it only possible to induce an extrasystole during relaxation? Your answer: cardiac is able to depolarize only after repolarization. 4. Explain why wave summation and tetanus are not possible in cardiac muscle tissue. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: Cardiac cells have long action potentials and long twitches, therefore do not show temporal summation. 08/25/13 page 5

Free Essays on The Ideal President

More than two centuries ago, George Washington was the decreed and uncontested choice for president of the newly founded country. He did not seek the office and was reluctant to accept it. He was uncertain of his ability to discharge the duties that would come upon him and was more than ready to retire to his beloved Mount Vernon after the struggle of the Revolutionary War. But the call of his countrymen was what brought him out of retirement. Nowadays the presidency is no longer the position of honor and part of the system of checks and balances but rather the ultimate position of power to pursue ones own agenda. Take President Bush for example – one of his goals when he stole the election in 2000 was to invade Iraq and throw Saddam Hussein out power. During his reign as President, President Bush has managed to destroy a flourishing economy, turning a $100 billion surplus into a $3 billion deficit as well as putting more people out of work than his father did, making the rich, richer, and the poor much poorer. He has ruined a proud educational system, leaving only the rich children able to get the education that everyone deserves. He has managed to turn most of the world against us, even our once strong allies, leaving us even more vulnerable to attack. He has taken away many civil liberties away from us by enacting the Patriot Act and now the Patriot Act II. And lastly, he lied about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq which led to the invasion of Iraq which in turn led to the deaths of over 1000 United States troops. I think that the ideal President whether man or woman would be a very honorable person with high personal self-esteem and integrity. He or she will be a person who recognizes that he or she is only a representative of the people and cannot abuse his or her powers. He or she will be person who unquestionably supports the Constitution which protects all American citizens from tyranny and would defend the Constitu... Free Essays on The Ideal President Free Essays on The Ideal President More than two centuries ago, George Washington was the decreed and uncontested choice for president of the newly founded country. He did not seek the office and was reluctant to accept it. He was uncertain of his ability to discharge the duties that would come upon him and was more than ready to retire to his beloved Mount Vernon after the struggle of the Revolutionary War. But the call of his countrymen was what brought him out of retirement. Nowadays the presidency is no longer the position of honor and part of the system of checks and balances but rather the ultimate position of power to pursue ones own agenda. Take President Bush for example – one of his goals when he stole the election in 2000 was to invade Iraq and throw Saddam Hussein out power. During his reign as President, President Bush has managed to destroy a flourishing economy, turning a $100 billion surplus into a $3 billion deficit as well as putting more people out of work than his father did, making the rich, richer, and the poor much poorer. He has ruined a proud educational system, leaving only the rich children able to get the education that everyone deserves. He has managed to turn most of the world against us, even our once strong allies, leaving us even more vulnerable to attack. He has taken away many civil liberties away from us by enacting the Patriot Act and now the Patriot Act II. And lastly, he lied about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq which led to the invasion of Iraq which in turn led to the deaths of over 1000 United States troops. I think that the ideal President whether man or woman would be a very honorable person with high personal self-esteem and integrity. He or she will be a person who recognizes that he or she is only a representative of the people and cannot abuse his or her powers. He or she will be person who unquestionably supports the Constitution which protects all American citizens from tyranny and would defend the Constitu...

Obesity in adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Obesity in adults - Essay Example This is almost double the rate of obesity in 1980 (Obesity Prevention Source, 2012). Bad diet and poor eating habits: When one uses a diet that is high in calories, lacks fruits and vegetables, and has a lot of fast food in it, s/he is abound to gain weight and thus being obese (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Medical problems: Some medical conditions lead to obesity for example Prader-Willi syndrome and Cushing’s syndrome. Some diseases for example arthritis can lead to decreased activity in the body thus causing weight gain (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Obesity can also lead to emotional suffering of the individual (Niddk.nih.gov, 2015). A physical appearance of a person is highly valued in today’s society. Thus people are usually classified as being less attractive and this can have a negative impact on the person. Also, as some people view obese people as those who lack the willpower, these people face limited opportunities when looking for jobs, schools, and in social situations (Niddk.nih.gov, 2015). Niddk.nih.gov,. (2015).  Understanding Adult Overweight and Obesity. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from

The key factors that contribute to leadership and evaluate critically Essay

The key factors that contribute to leadership and evaluate critically the extent to which leadership is linked to organizational - Essay Example Leader is an individual that assists and motivates his or her followers or employees to work for a common goal. Not only this, a leader might inspire the employees or followers to improve their level of performance so as to enhance the level of productivity or reputation of the organization. Therefore, it might be stated that a leader is the most influential person within the organization, who includes high judgment power to evaluate the changing needs and demands of the customers and the situations as a whole. So, a leader is extremely essential for an organization (Stacey, 2012, pp. 54-62). Critical evaluation of the article (Ogbonna & Harris, 2000) A leader is an individual, who works with highly confident outlook and optimistic viewpoint in order to cope up with the challenges of this competitive age. Other than this, a leader might comprise of the power to motivate and stimulate the inner morale and interest of the followers or employees so as to enhance the performance of the o rganization (Tushman & Anderson, 2004, pp. 35-39). As a result, it might prove effective for the organization to improve its image and equity in the market among other rival players. ... This might prove effective for the organization to reduce varied types of conflicts and misunderstandings thereby enhancing consistency and uniqueness. The leader might also be extremely tactful with high thinking ability and determination so that, he might become able to take perfect decisions at accurate time. Therefore due to presence of such types of qualities, a leader might help an organization to enhance the net income and profitability among other rival players (McInerney, 2011, pp. 56-69). In this age of tough competition, an organization needs to have a leader with high controlling and tackling power so as to enhance the competitiveness of the organization in future era. Such types of qualities are viewed within the bureaucratic leaders that help in stimulating the confidence of the employees or followers in order to achieve the goals or targets of the organization (Ogbonna & Harris, 2000, pp.767-770). Only then, the brand equity and popularity of the organization might get enhanced thereby amplifying the profitability and productivity in the market among other rival players. Apart from this, a leader with extreme determination and thinking ability is also equally essential in order to tackle the situational changes (Sadler, 2003, pp. 178-190). Such types of qualities are present within the autocratic or authoritarian style or situational leadership style. As a result of which, the organization might undergo vivid planning and scheduling activities so as to mitigate the threats or challenges in an effective way. This might prove effective for the organization to retain its prosperity and values in the market in-spite of extreme situational distress. As a result, the rate of reliability and trust of the customers over this

Improving Our Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Improving Our Public Schools Essay Being educated is a right, not a privilege. Whether it be in a public or private learning institution, to be educated is still what matters most. In choosing the right school for students is one of the critical decisions to arrive at a settlement. Children growing while learning are the next runners of the economy, the government, the entertainment. With their innate, infinite potentials, the quality towards learning experience is something that cannot be deprived of. Shaping them is shaping the future. But, before anything else, how can these students achieve the satisfaction of real-learning? In reality, global economy is not stable. Thus, not everyone is capable of affording their children on sending to good schools or the students themselves who work to sustain their studies can steadily stand with it. Reason why public schools are established. Student education is vital. It edifies information obtainment, organization and presentation to its receivers. If public schools are not well-maintained, its quality is degraded. A degraded quality means failure to imply proper education among its learners. Improving public schools enables its constituents to advance in education symmetry to those of in private schools. From the Comprehensive School Improvement Program (CSIP) which is a decade-long initiative to improve public schools under the Ford Foundation, it created independent observers who evaluate education initiatives. With this, suggestions from other individuals arose which are focused on improving public schools. The project started to gain donors who support the improvements. Not all public schools are lucky enough to have CSIP behind. That is why solutions are mandatory upon planning to develop a public school. Hiring qualified teachers, improving buildings to a modernized ambiance, ample funding, comprehensive program of study and efficient leadership are components of a successful improved school (Petrovich 8). Teachers are the primary persons responsible for the students. Although in some cases, teachers are hired even without passing the qualifications or, they may have passed but the quality they pass onto students does not suffice the standards of a proper education. Facility renovations are costly, which become hindrance in providing both teachers and students comfort. This is linked to the funding for a school. More so, the designed curriculum must be updated and extensive teaching methods are used. Sadly, what breaks the objective of improving public schools is the negligence to essentially impose it. Normally, these public schools cater the poor ones. And sustaining such, even from the government, is not always much reliable specifically among the third world countries. Advocacies will be of help in promoting aiding the schools. With the conviction of participation in assisting programs for public learning facilities improvement, it would at least lessen the burden of pushing the school on providing quality education despite its lax. Being a part of a project to progress public school is not easy. It will always, in a way or another, encounter financial problems; and should the allocated budget dries up, the project halts. Still, there are strategies to support in order to fulfill goals. Building constituency and coalition to minimize future financial and human dilemmas are important. Also, establishing communications and expanding networks increase participants. Public schools are still schools. It is a building that teaches how to form a better society. Regardless of the class it serves, it deserves the right to be respected and recognized. ? Works Cited Petrovich, J. Strategies for Improving Public Education. New York: Ford Foundation, 2008.

Maijuana Legalized For Good :: essays research papers

People have been using Marijuana as a medicine for thousands of years, beginning in China, India, and the Middle East. The plant's therapeutic potential became known in Western countries during the nineteenth century. From 1840 to 1900, more than a hundred articles on cannabis appeared in European and American medical journals, recommending it as an appetite stimulant, muscle relaxant, painkiller, sedative, and anti-convulsions. The use of Marijuana should be legalized in Canada for the benefits of individuals suffering from a variety of medical problems. Marijuana as a medicine, however, cannot be established with the Government’s permission to test the drug and legalize it. Marijuana has undergone analysis for its use as a medicine and the results have shown improvements in the patients who were treated with this drug.. The Government proclaims there is no therapeutic value in the medicinal use of marijuana, but they do not have hard evidence to prove it. Ira Glasser, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union, expressed: â€Å"the government has demonized all drug use without differentiation and has systematically and hysterically resisted science.† Doctors have expressed opposite opinions as well, making this issue very controversial. The controversy falls in the hands of the government, that marijuana is not a safe medicine, versus the doctors who research the topic for medicinal purposes. Established, not all doctors feel cannabis should be a â€Å"legal† prescribed medicine, smoking marijuana is risky, but also recommended that critically ill patients should be allowed to use it under closely monitored settings. On the o ther hand, the more the government and doctors debate and try to solve this medicine issue, clearly then, more experiments and test will be done. Marijuana proven not to cause any harmful, long-term effects to individuals suffering from medical hopelessness, cannot be tolerated. Doctors believe that they should be able to have prescribed the drug, when the patient is in need Marijuana contains more than 400 chemicals, when smoked, it produces over 2,000 chemicals that enter the body through the lungs. These chemicals have a variety of immediate, short-term effects. In addition, the repeated use of marijuana has been linked to a number of long- term effects marijuana including both psychological and physical reactions. These reactions usually last for three to five hours after a person has smoked marijuana. The psychological reaction, known as a high, consists of changes in the user's feelings and thoughts. Such changes are caused mainly by THC, a chemical in marijuana that impairs brain function.

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Wall Street crush-, it created a split inside the labor leadership so the task would be very difficult. The leader Ramsey MacDonald accepted to form coalition with the conservatives but many others did not accept & he seen as traitor & he was expelled from the party – the Great Betrayal-. The conservatives in 1931 took part in government. -Why would the British go to war after what they had lost in the WWW? – Britain was not in favor of going to another war; it found herself involved in the WI unwillingly.The Germans had invaded Poland, so England was in war against Germany â€Å"the People's War†. In 1940, Churchill became a national coalition government -all parties will Join & make a government-. They were fighting a war, all the effort of the country will be directed to winning it. – Why did labor socialists representatives of the working class Join the government? Preparing themselves for after the war. During war time, the NAG put into place a shared â€Å"head† by a liberal member of parliament.The sociologist â€Å"William Henry Beverage† gave the government the â€Å"Beverage Report† of 1942, in order to offer solutions & look after what was wrong in the war with Britain. The report started to revive the ideas of the â€Å"Welfare State†, which came as an opposition to what Hitler was promising â€Å"Total Destruction†. Welfare through government intervention was what kept the high spirit of people. The pamphlet became a best seller-hope for a better future-. The report had identified 5 giant evils in the British society which had to be destroyed with the government help: 1- bad living conditions. – Diseases 3- ignorance, illiteracy. 4- Poverty 5- idleness, joblessness. These are the evils that a given society face, combated by the government intervention which explains why the liberate did not like the government o interfere in peoples' lives. Labor socialists adopted this idea of w elfare & in 1945 made it part their election program & because of this labor was elected & won the 1945 general election. Armistice was the the signed in the 5 of May 1945; the coalition government kept & waited until July 5 , waiting the soldiers to vote for them.The labor had a very large majority of votes â€Å"landslide victory'. The hero that led Britain to victory & wins the Dark Hours was Churchill. 2- Re-entering peace time: In order to assess labor achievement we should see the context of time, how was Britain after the war? What was the social, lattice, economic reality of that time? There were deaths â€Å"sass's†, widows & orphans as a negatives social consequence for the country. Britain had to payback huge depths due to the finance in the war, as the country borrowed money from the US, Canada & Australia.Britain's infrastructure was terribly damaged, factories, bridges, in this period she was facing reality. Politically: India, new powers were emerging like the US. 3- Laborer's achievements: 1- Economic side: 1945, labor government began to nationalize, take into control. E. G. The Bank of England â€Å"the Central Bank†, also it nationalized the coal lines. In 1946, it nationalized the transport industry, civil aviations, ports, airways, energy sifter and gas.Also, in 1948 the iron & steel industry with big difficulties. There was resistance from the owners because it was a highly profit making industry. But the coal owners were happy to sell their lines since they already were striving. Labor government nationalized about 20% of the economic sectors; the rest remained in private hands, why? – Labor implemented a social democracy, this 20 % created a debate within the party. The Clause 4: State Ownership of All means, production, exchange, distribution.Keynesian T. M. Keynes: the Theory of the Demand Management. 2- Political side: there were two sides – domestic & foreign- : Domestic side: there were no major changes , as the monarchy was not abolished, & the House of Lord which was not elected but mainly hereditary. But labor reduced its power in 1949; it could no longer stop a law in the House of Commit, it also lost its power to Veto. Foreign side: Labor Joined NATO: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which had a big financial cost.At this time, the labor Government embarked on a nuclear program â€Å"Atomic Bomb† as many other countries, despite the opposition of the US to to do so; this cost a lot for the country which is not a productive program in the short term & this was while Britain was in need for money, but it has a long term benefits as developing technology; from the military side, it's a kind of a buy product, the government accepted to withdraw India – the beginning of the end of the British Empires- Social side: the British labor party was a pioneer in introducing the Welfare State.Squirrel had to be fought by offering housing & town planning; it was done thr ough encouraging private & local authorities building new towns, but there as a shortage of raw materials & skill owners. As the need was important, tour blocks or high rise flats. British housing changed because of the urgent need built by the local authorities & rented for the people. Result: Labor made the class the division more visible separating the classes which was what they were aviate.Moon 14 December 2009 Social: through legislation, labor defeated the housing problems as well as the other evils, that was in giving employment offers, child allowance for families; education or illiteracy was defeated through the Buckler Act 1944 which is an education act that add secondary education free & compulsory from child age 6 to 1 5 for each English child. There also existed private schools -Public- & Seven state schools. The evil of unemployment tried to be defeated through nationalization.For diseases or illnesses there was the implementation of a INS National Health Services 194 8 made to provide medical care for all; it was free at the beginning but after one or two years people started to pay. Generated by Fixity PDF Creator O Fixity Software Result: There was a sort of broken promises which created a lot of discontent within he labor leadership party & the public felt that it was a betrayal. The labor http:// www. Fox-trotted. Com For evaluation only. Deed money that they have taken it from other sources, since the country invested in the nuclear program & built many houses, labor was very proud that it has implemented â€Å"the Welfare State† â€Å"State help from Cradle to Grave†, also it meant to be a safety net. These were more significant achievements of the welfare program. Why did it lose in 1951? Labor was obliged to run new elections, there was some infighting inside. There was an internal division between the left, centre & right.The labor party was never homogeneous, also the problem of inflation because the Pound Sterling in 194 7 was devaluation which created inflation, the cost of ling was very expensive so the public was unhappy. Another reason which created devaluation especially within the middle class was that labor created Rosining!!!! In order to create a sense of equality but it created dissatisfaction among the middle class which usually follows a black market. Wartime: what was promised during the war, in-between the interwar years?Before coming to power – 45- , what was the situation of the country? What the labor did or failed to do? What was the promise? What was the social, political & economic reality? Labor party achievement could be asserted through time, what did it achieve? The nuclear program which is debatable made Britain a powerful country, many people were afraid of this program & there was going to be a Cold War. Economic side: nationalization, taking into state country.The point is that the British didn't have the experience of state sectors, now the government was going to manage these sectors, which objectives would be to create Jobs with no competition since state impasses are monopolies, It was no change for workers these state companies are going to be over manning, having more workers than needed, these state companies are going to be lose making, black holes, the alternative would be to give it subsidies SF State Financial Help to rescue them. The state would get the money from taxes causing the big managers to emigrate.So, nationalization was an issue for the future years. The welfare state was created through social policies which interact with the economy which is a political decision. Labor accepted to intervene in people's life wrought political decision. How is it going to be financed? How do we pay for these services? From tax payers, we have two kinds: direct & indirect 1- The working people -income taxes that goes to the & Indirect VAT Value Direct Tax TVA, as alcohol & tobacco. Sometimes on imports. There are two main ways, of course another source which is the N. I. C National Insurance Contribution.All this will be part of what would be called the Budget that will be given to different ministries each responsible of a sector. Giving this situation, the Welfare State, when you look & assess it through mime, you see that what characterizes it is that the middle class would make the most profit of it. Therefore, people from the left & right would criticize it. The social policy should be looked from 3 parts: short, long & medium term: since it might solve problems TODAY but what about LATER? E. G. Housing has more or less solved problems but later people will have more children who will be unemployed.As far as the health services, we get into problems of term, e. G. Population after the war was in bad shape, but after it started to increase meaning more demand for health care nice medicine is developing as a result, the cost is increasing. Population becomes older so they needed social services e. G. Home for Old s. Therefore, we get into spiral; someone needs to pay for this. Also, concerning education & extending school life which is another cost for the country. All of these social costs became known as The Bottomless Sectors. There was always room for improvement. Becoming more & more expensive, how was it going to be financed?Should health be only for the people who can pay for it or everybody? Healthy country is more productive as well as education hat creates a wealthy society, but the key is who's going to finance? A Welfare State will be costly but is it necessary? The private sectors might be performing better because they are paying, but the state sectors are underfeed. It is up to the society to decide what kind of Welfare they want for the country. The Nanny or Milky Cow will be taken advantage from by some people. Dependency culture, scroungers = the 4 January 2010: people living in the back of others.The Welfare States' help sustain capitalist society. Marxist, believed in Cla ss Struggle. Social policy, it interacts with economy as it has a elation with politics but at the call of it, it's a social policy because some governors liked it others not because of how it was financed â€Å"taxation†. How much people are going to accept to pay? A social policy can be on a long, short or big or term, the rewards might come later (housing 45/ 54) inhabited by the working class, they had solved a short term problem but later on it created problems, people will pay more & more taxes.Marxist believed in the class struggle that without the welfare state the working class would revolve, life as a class struggle that without the Welfare state the t working would revolt; he also criticized the welfare state because the middle class would be the 1 t profit from it. The capitalists, people who believed in the laissez- fairer, self-help, it was for them a question of paying â€Å"the richer you are the more you pay' because they have their own private sets, they ha ve means to have access to better benefits since they pay.The state sector is under stuffed not highly efficient; it's never enough this is the dilemma of the welfare states. People of the right criticized the welfare states because it created a dependency culture, it is called the ilk cow and there were many scroungers. The Welfare State is rewarding for society because it can offer a better educated society, after 1945 education was for all, health after that bettered – they lived longer- but with it there is a cost â€Å"Taxes†. Rewarding is costing & necessary because without a minimum welfare state, a revolt might happen.As we shall see, the classes were divided but with time there will be an underclass of those who were excluded & merged from society; the British have accepted the idea of providing some help. The Welfare State -Milky Cow- can provide milk as long as there is green grass in the entry, I. E. A healthy economy, when you have it, you don't have a lot of unemployment, the problem is when there are a lot of people out of work, the government will pay for them which will be costly.The problem of taxes is a political decision, are you willing to redistribute the wealth â€Å"make the rich richer or less rich† as we shall see, it's the wealth of people who has a say. The party's program says â€Å"promises to spend more†; it's up to people to decide. The welfare state is a problematic issue. SST Economically: Nationalization, another issue which was 1 implanted by the labor overspent of 45-51 , state took control of some strategic sectors 25% was going to be managed by the state, coal, iron, transport†¦ Through Act Legislation.These sectors were employing large numbers of people e. G. 5 million people in the Coal industry; these large numbers would be represented by the trade union who had a good power. The bosses' objective was not only to make profit, priority was to provide Jobs because after 1945 it was the ti me of reconstruction and it needed a full employment. Also, not to forget, the British industries in the mid of 21st Century was coming old as the coal & iron equipments needed to be renewed â€Å"invest more money on these equipments†.Moreover, with the pressures of the Trade Union, wages increased & the British companies started to become over-manning â€Å"more workers than necessary', as a result, the return of the Law of Diminution & later on -ass's- inflation -Prices increase-will begin. Http:// www. Fox-trotted. Com For evaluation only. They would get By this loss making, they could reduce workers â€Å"private†, or subsidies, more taxation â€Å"State Financial Help† they would create discontent, closing a state company would be seen as a political suicide.There were monopolies because there was no competition, the quality was not great & the prices were low. As a result, The British people would buy foreign products since they are cheaper, there would be more imports & a little export, no balance â€Å"the country is going to be in red, it could reduce the value of the currency in order to export† another alternative was to increase taxation or to print money -monkey money instead of Sound money = solid- .This is how the nationalize Sector was going to find itself because it was monopolistic & uncompetitive; Britain industry became now as the Lame Duck Industries. Post War Consensus: it is a general agreement, compromise between different members of society, it is not written and is not a law, gathered by different components of society as a result of history (Britain was lucky because it has one dominant language, one religion and has only white people I. E. No ethic groups), Britain's' history had played a big role in shaping herself; it became a nation state earning†¦Monarchy has been there, so there is an agreement on an institutional Monarchy & religion is set. Post war was about how to rebuild the country; a hou se is lilt with Pillars -it was an agreement on pillars-: we are interested in the 4 pillars that England united in wartime on which post-war Britain was going to be reconstructed: 1- The Welfare State, it is the 1942 Beverage Report, well-being of citizens -social side. 2- Government intervention in economy, mixed economy, it is Keynesian through the acceptance of John Keynes theory. – Belonging to NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Western Allies. 4- Trade Unions' reconciliation with the government; now they are partners & they have some power, a 3 parasite: Government, Trade Union and Representatives + Bosses. The post war consensus had gone through different stages; it was introduced and established during war time by the four elements mentioned above. 1945- 1951 the labor maintained the consensus The Thirteen Wasted Years, 1951-1964: Three concussive conservative prime ministers in government; Winston Churchill.Anthony Eden Harold Macmillan; they did not undo anyth ing & they kept the Welfare State because it is a symbol of socialism & kept negotiating with the Trade Union. These years were good for Britain; it was the age of affluence- plenty of things- the age of prosperity & full employment, he age consumerism, cars, fashion & music. The age of cinema, movies, sports & leisure; it is the beginning of a permissive society. It is wasted years because labor who planted & concoctive who fruit from it. People wanted what was available or provided.The British politicians were divided on the issue of the Suez Canal, in the 1959 general elections the labor party did not use the 1956 humiliation -the war between Britain, France and Israel- because it was for all Britain not only one party but a defeat for Britain. In this stage, the conservatives did not change a lot, their only changed was the prevarication of iron and steel industry because, as we said, during the ass's and early ass's there was prosperity and full employment as the youth started to enjoy their life.It was easy to keep consensus, but 1964-1970 is the return of labor, people for some reason were fed up of the conservatives. We can say that consensus is sustain, keep it with some difficulty, the beginning of troubles, Britain started declining & the British from different parts started to accept this idea of decline. 1964 labor came to modernize Britain, now there is inflation. Some people ill begin losing Jobs workers want more wages†¦ 1964- 1970: labor party under Harold Wilson, consensus was sustained, difficulties and the British started to speak of crisis and decline.The British economy was prosperous but not as her competitors, Britain began to lose some trade as a result unemployment problems appeared. Britain lived on exports and her competitors were making better and cheaper products. Thus, it lost exporting which led to unemployment later to inflation. Therefore, trade union asked for higher wages leading to strikes in the middle of the ass's, c onsequently, trade unions' reconciliation was no more valid. It had acquired power in favor; this power has become a problem for government, so the Labor Party started to think of reducing T Vs. power, I. . , putting commission led by Baroness to stop the T. V power, the L P at that time wanted more planning of the economy to modernize Britain, it had a control on the economy of Britain. People of money were afraid of the L P government; they became more socialist and started to invest outside what led to a shortage of money. In 1967 labor devalued, I. E. , lost its value in the next election because they lost the support of trade union and some people. Remark: because of the economic problems, the labor government forced to go to the I. M.F -international Monastery Fund- for a loan to ease then through their financial troubles, what meant the adoption of more liberal economic program by the Labor Party. British Decline: Britain after the WI was in reconstruction; it reconstructed i tself by providing employment, in the late ass's and ass's entered in a period of affluence; people had money in their pocket, Jobs were available, it is an age of affluent society, the age of love and peace, television and music as well as automobiles which became accessible to use. However, in the Middle of the ass's, people started to speak about the sick man of Europe.They discovered that their economy did not grow as its competitors, Japan, Germany, USA and France who were doing better. Also this sick man was characterized by the rise of SST inflation, of course, we are dealing with the 1 industrial nation and we compare it when Britain was a vast Empire, where Britain was the workshop of the world described by the bygone age. The acknowledgment of this loss was in the middle of the ass's because many British refused to accept this new position and they believed hat there was still an empire after the WI, but the loss of the Jewel of the Crown – India- was the best illus tration of this loss.The British decline has to be understood as a loss of power, spread of crisis, troubles and disorder. The most unarguable fact is that the seeds of Britain's decline are seen mostly in all fields and in particular political and economic ones that eventually led to the deterioration of its position. Causes and consequences of the British Decline: As far as the causes are concerned, we have two perceptions, we have the LEFT POINT OF VIEW that supported the State interference and socialist communism planning, and we have the RIGHT POINT that had its own argument.Concerning the left point, they thought that the decline had roots in the Victorian Britain where we find society of contrast paradoxes; there were also political, economic and social causes. Beginning with the political causes, in fact one of the most disappointing causes that Britain endured is the effects of two world wars which diminished its role as a world power. Though Britain's decline during the tr oubled years was arrested; it constructed her economy rapidly often theWI and it remained in late sass's an extremely rich country but the heavy costs of the war and the millions causalities weakened her capacity to maintain the vast empire. Another feature to this decline in world power was the loss of some territories e. G. India (with the rise of colonial nationalism) which was one of the most important components of the British empire since it was its largest source of revenue. Thus the loss of India meant the beginning of the end of the British Empire. N.B.: the end of the British rule in Ireland had also been a negative effect on Britain rower.Moreover, the Empire did not really benefit Britain; in fact, it was made by industrialists and traders who exclusively benefited from it. Also, in case of a problem the beneficiaries were the few and the expanses of the problem come from tax payers, the best example is the Ireland problem, also because they had two party systems: the li berals and the conservatives. Nevertheless, the most striking point was when the left stressed its criticism on the Laissez-fairer ideology which had a sense of paradoxes; it was advocated in Britain and in its colonies people were not free.